What are the sounds of the suffix -ed?

The suffix -ed can represent three distinct sounds in pronouncing past tense verbs, which are /id/, /d/, and /t/. This variation occurs depending on the final sound of the verb to which the suffix is added.

When the base verb ends in a /t/ or /d/ sound, the -ed suffix produces the /id/ sound, as in "wanted" or "needed." If the verb ends in a voiced sound other than /d/, such as /b/ or /g/, the suffix is pronounced /d/, as heard in "played" and "begged." Conversely, when the verb ends in a voiceless sound such as /p/ or /k/, the suffix is pronounced /t/, as in "washed" or "picked."

This distinction is essential in teaching pronunciation and spelling conventions in English, as it helps learners understand the nuances of verb forms and enhances their phonological awareness. Understanding these sounds supports effective reading instruction by contributing to students' ability to decode and pronounce past tense verbs accurately.