What encompasses the skills, knowledge, and attitudes that lead to conventional reading and writing?

The correct answer is conventional literacy, which refers to the skills, knowledge, and attitudes required for proficient reading and writing. This encompasses the ability to decode text, understand and interpret what one reads, and communicate effectively through writing. Conventional literacy typically develops after emergent literacy, as it signifies a stage where individuals have mastered the fundamental skills needed to engage with more complex texts and utilize writing as a means of communication.

Emergent literacy, while important, focuses on the early stages of literacy development, where children begin to understand the basics of reading and writing—such as recognizing letters and sounds—rather than achieving full proficiency. The other terms, functional literacy and comprehension literacy, address specific aspects of literacy; functional literacy relates to the practical application of reading and writing in everyday life, while comprehension literacy emphasizes understanding and making meaning from texts. However, conventional literacy encompasses a more complete set of skills necessary for proficient reading and writing.