What is the term for a word part that contains a vowel or a vowel sound in spoken language?

The term for a word part that contains a vowel or a vowel sound in spoken language is indeed a syllable. A syllable is defined as a unit of pronunciation that typically consists of a vowel sound alone or a vowel sound with one or more consonants. For example, in the word "apple," there are two syllables: "ap" and "ple," with the vowel sounds being the key components of those syllables.

In contrast, a consonant blend refers to a group of consonants that appear together in a word, each retaining its sound, but does not include vowels. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language, which can include both consonants and vowels but are not necessarily syllables. A word root is the basic part of a word that carries its core meaning, but it may not necessarily include a vowel sound by itself. Thus, the correct term that matches the definition provided in the question is indeed a syllable.