What term describes the sounds in a language that are represented by written or printed symbols?

The correct answer, which refers to the sounds in a language that are represented by written or printed symbols, is orthographic knowledge. Orthographic knowledge involves understanding the conventions of spelling and the relationships between written letters and the sounds they represent. This knowledge is critical for reading and writing, as it enables learners to decode sounds into their corresponding symbols and to spell words appropriately.

Orthographic knowledge supports the development of literacy by allowing individuals to recognize patterns in words and understand how sounds translate into written form. For instance, knowing that the letter 'c' can represent the /k/ sound in "cat" and the /s/ sound in "cent" is part of orthographic knowledge, as it involves linking specific sounds with their written representations.

The other concepts listed are related but distinct. Phonemic awareness focuses more on the ability to hear and manipulate the individual sounds in spoken language, while phoneme addition is a specific task related to phonemic awareness involving adding phonemes to create new words. Orthography, while it relates to the conventional spelling system of a language, does not specifically emphasize the understanding of the relationship between sounds and symbols like orthographic knowledge does.