What type of assessments follow a prescribed format for administration and scoring, with standardized scoring based on comparative samples?

Formal assessments are characterized by their structured format for administration and scoring, ensuring consistency and reliability in testing conditions and scoring criteria. They are typically designed to evaluate student performance against a defined set of standards and are based on comparative samples, which means the results can be interpreted in relation to the performance of a larger group or a normative sample. This standardization allows educators to derive meaningful insights about student abilities and progress, making them effective for measuring achievement, learning outcomes, and readiness for further education.

In contrast, summative assessments focus specifically on evaluating student learning at the conclusion of an instructional period, without necessarily adhering to a prescribed format for scoring across diverse contexts. Informal assessments are more flexible and may not follow a standardized format, relying instead on observational data or teachers' judgment. Diagnostic assessments aim to identify specific learning needs or barriers but may vary in their administration and do not always provide standardized scoring based on normative data.