Which condition is considered an individual risk factor for reading difficulties?

The condition that represents an individual risk factor for reading difficulties is linked to personal or family history and experiences that can directly influence a child's development. A parental history of reading difficulties can impact a child's own reading abilities due to genetic predispositions or the modeling of reading behaviors and attitudes towards reading. Children may inherit cognitive or linguistic traits that affect their capacity to develop reading skills. Furthermore, parents who struggle with reading may not provide the same level of support and encouragement, which can further exacerbate the child's challenges.

The other conditions listed, while they can contribute to broader systemic or environmental challenges in reading, are not strictly individual risk factors. Chronic low school achievement often reflects a combination of various factors, and limited proficiency in spoken English can stem from broader socio-economic and cultural influences rather than solely being an individual risk. Living in poor neighborhoods is more related to systemic issues that can affect access to resources, rather than an individual trait or history.